It's a Bug's
Life!
Remember that old
rhyme, "The worms crawl in, the worms crawl out, they turn
your guts into
sauerkraut"? What an image that conjures up! Well, worms and
insects are in
season again and a study of our very helpful friends begins
with the art of
collecting them. I think we'll leave that part to the kids!
The best places to
look for insects in warm weather are on flowers, where
food attracts beetles,
flies, butterflies, moths, wasps, and bees, and where
ambush bugs lie in wait
to prey upon their flower visitors. You can find
insects in meadows and
grassy areas. Sweep the grass with a net and get leaf
beetles, flea beetles,
leaf hoppers, plant bugs, crane flies, moths,
caterpillars, aphids,
etc. Another excellent place is under stones.
Overturn them and find
ground beetles, rove beetles, crickets, spiders,
sowbugs, etc. In ponds, rake
the bottom trash ashore and pick up the things
that kick out of it and show
themselves like water beetles, back swimmers,
water boatmen, water bugs,
dragonflies, larvae, crawfishes, etc. Around
lights at night, you can find
moths, lacewing flies, beetles, bugs,
craneflies, and if near water, also
caddisflies, stoneflies, mayflies,
midges,
etc.
I need to give credit
for the information that follows to a set of workshop
notes I received in
1963...Ok, so I'm no spring chicken...from Ward's Natural
Science
Establishment, Inc., NY. (I have no idea if they are still
in
business) The net is our basic tool. Aerial nets may be used
for flying insects,
(usually after they alight), and sweeping nets for
insects that cling to
vegetation.
The tin can trap
method is our next line of attack. Cut the top off a small
can such as a
frozen orange juice can, cleanly, so that no jagged edges
remain. Bury one or
more cans in the ground, open end flush with the
surface, along the edge of
shrubbery, in woods, or a vacant lot. Bait the
can with peanut butter, jelly,
or molasses smeared on the sides, inside.
Food-seeking insects will fall in
and most cannot escape. If the bottom of
the can is dry, the insects will
remain clean. By burying the cans in
different places, a comparison can be
made of the different kinds and
abundance of insects in various types of
habitat.
Sugaring is
especially good for moths, beetles, and earwigs. A mixture of
mashed fruit,
sugar, and cooking molasses is prepared. At dusk this is
painted on the lower
part of tree trunks. After dark, with a flashlight, one
can collect the
insects which come to eat. The insects alight on the trunk.
Place a jar over
an insect, move it against the insect to dislodge it, and
cover the jar
quickly. Wash the mixture from the trees when you are through
as during the
day, it attracts bees, wasps, and yellow
jackets.
***The following may be a sensitive subject and
needs to be approached with
care and discretion. You may not want to consider
killing a living creature.
Killing insects can be done with carbon
tetrachloride, lighter fluid, or
fingernail polish remover. The insects
should not be wetted in the liquid,
as this causes discoloration and a poor
specimen. Use plaster of Paris in
the bottom of a bottle to absorb the
killing agent; or use an ink bottle
with a well in which cotton saturated
with the agent can be placed; or a
bottle with a saturated wad of cotton
suspended in it.
The study of insects should include discovering the
answers to these
questions:
What is an insect?
How can we tell insects from
other animals?
What parts do their bodies have?
What special organs,
senses, and habits do some insects have?
How many kinds of insects are
there?
Where do they live?
How do insects develop from eggs to
adulthood?
What different stages do they go through and how long do
they
remain in each stage?
Which insects live in communities and
how are they organized?
How does the food of insects make them important to
other
animals and to plants?
What do they eat and how are they
equipped to get this food?
How are they helpful to man? Which are harmful to
man?
By now you are very proficient at searching out topics and sites on
the
Internet so I will only suggest that you try to use a wonderful
search
engine called Google. Simply type in the location box of your
browser:
google.com Then enter the insect you wish to research, or
simply the word,
insect.
Man wages unceasing war against most of
these creatures. He encourages the
propagation of the hundreds of kinds of
insect-eating birds that are of
inestimable help as his allies. In spite of
their damaging habits, the
earth's insect inhabitants have carved their niche
in the interdependence of
living things. Where would we be without
them? Challenge your students to
debate that question...make sure you
include our favorite of all, the lowly
cockroach! It's been around longer
than any of us realize. Any lessons to be
learned here? :-)
Happy
hunting!
~Joan
Berger
Japan's IT Educational Reforms and Asian Digital
Divide Plans
A truly independent country goes at its own pace
and digests
issues in terms of its own language and culture.
This can be
exasperating to outsiders, for example when one
does
newsworthy things, but the time is not ripe for the
public
to be deemed receptive to such information.
Japanese people
do seem to take years to reach a consensus on
important issues,
but then concerted action is possible, backed by
huge funds.
That seems to be happening now with information
technology
(IT) in Japan. Educational reform cannot and should
not be
radical, but the so-called IT revolution can have
radical
effects on the school environment. Now things are
happening
so fast that there is no primer readily available,
and many
sources are available only in Japanese. One might
almost
wonder if there is not some secretiveness about the
most
important developments, but the powers that be
certainly
do not make it easy for outsiders to find out the
inside story.
So today, in what follows, I can mainly show a
trail of recent
events via Websites for hardy researchers to follow
up upon.
It is also my pleasure to announce what I have
presented to
educators and the Ministry of Education in a new
article:
"Reforms in Computer Education that are Possible
for Japan"
Tokyo: Child Research Net -- Educational
Visions
Recently Japan has made a commitment to help solve
the
digital divide in Asia. Plans are also afoot to
start virtual
universities, as Korea and China have also been
doing, and
the online class e-Learning platform WebCT has been
translated into a version with a Japanese
interface,
which has been going on behind the scenes since
1998.
Then many of Japan's plans involve satellite
broadband
Internet. The UN Office of Outer Space Affairs
approves
of this approach to alleviate the Asian digital
divide,
signaled by an upcoming conference in Malaysia.
Near the
beginning of the program is Japan's Comprehensive
Cooperation Package to Address the Digital
Divide.
This does appear decidedly elitist, compared to
low-cost
streaming video and so forth, but the question is
whether
or not substantial sums of money will trickle
beyond
Japanese companies and fund worthy projects by less
wealthy innovators. In the case of the University
of
South Pacific satellite network based in Fiji,
nearly
all the funds went to the Japanese company that
built
and maintained the network. Now IT projects are
taking
the place of some traditional pork-barrel projects,
but
the ruling Liberal Democratic Party (which has
been
said to be neither liberal nor democratic) will
want a
say in its appropriation. In Japan itself, will
foreigners
remain hired guns, bringing in Indian software
engineers,
with no effect on policies? Watch my career and see
:)
Here are some recent sources for those wishing to
research
these issues more deeply:
Report of G8 Education Ministers' Meeting and
Forum
Okinawa Charter on the Global Information
Society
Japan International Cooperation Agency
(JICA)
JICA seminar & Japan's digital divide plan for
July Okinawa Summit
Barriers for Educational Use of the Internet in
Japanese Higher Education
"Japan's Education Ministry to recognize Virtual
Universities"
Panel Recommends That Japan Recognize Degrees
Earned Online
Science and Technology Agency Reveals Two New
Satellite Projects
The Digital Divide Goes Global
UN/OOSA workshop on digital divide in Kuala Lumpur,
11/20-24/00
Japan's Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and
Culture
Collegially,
~Steve
McCarty
Professor, Kagawa Junior College,
Japan
Asia Society "Asia Expert" database
profile:
(dues abolished; Online
Educator Development Practicum also free)
"International/Multicultural Issues &
New Technologies for Learning"
Teaching in the Community Colleges Online
Conference (April 2000):
E-Testimony to the Web-Based Education
Commission
(U.S. Congress) on educational technology
(September 2000):
Online Library: Bilingualism and Japanology
Intersection
(an Asian Studies WWW Virtual Library
4-star site):
======================================
~ Technically Speaking with Kathleen A. Catapano
A Little Project is a
Good Place to Start
Here's an idea for a beginners' technology project that
will get everyone
going. Have children type something on the computer that
will be useful to
them or to you. The little ones can make a list of their
names according to
the table they sit at. The teacher types in "TABLE 1" and
each child can
independently come to the computer to add his or her name.
The list can be
posted in the classroom.
Older students can make a class list of names and phone
numbers or addresses.
Perhaps each one could show how to count by twos, fives or
tens. A short
letter home from each student can help
everyone:
Dear Folks,
Our class trip will be to the Bronx Zoo on November
15.
Your son,
Derik
This type of project is a good way to set up the routine
of taking turns
working quietly and independently at the computer. Any
word processor will
work for this kind of activity. Set the font to size 14 or
greater and
choose a bright font color or try using KidWorks, if it is
available. Put a
checklist next to the workspace so children can check off
their names when
they have finished their tasks. It may take the whole
class several days to
finish the project. Students will enjoy the responsibility
and get a little
keyboard review at the same time. Give it a try and let me
know what you
think. Email me at
catapano@mec.cuny.edu
~Kathleen A. Catapano
Brooklyn,
New York USA
Educational Technology,
Medgar Evers College -
CUNY
E-mail: catapano@mec.cuny.edu,
======================================
~ Tammy Bailis' Senior
School Musings ~
THE Y'S THE LIMIT:
Those of you studying differential Calculus will have already
met up with limits, and
you've probably
scratched a furrow or two into your scalp while battling to understand
just what a limit means. Well, the title says it all.
When we evaluate a limit such as the limit as x approaches
a for f(x), we are looking
for a y value. And of course, since f(x) is just an alias for
y, when we find the limit as
x approaches -2, say for f(x) = 1/(x + 2), we are
investigating what happens to the y-value
on the curve at the point where x approaches -2. Since
division by 0 is undefined in our
number system, and 1/(x
+ 2) becomes 1 / 0 when x = -2 , the value -2 is not an element
in the domain set of f. This is why we take a limit -- from
the left and the right -- investigating
the y values associated with x values close to -2. For the
current function, we would have
to split the limit into two separate limits. We would find
limx-->-2- f(x) and
limx-->-2+ f(x). In a
case like this, the left limit goes to negative infinity and
the right limit goes to positive infinity,
so there is no limit, since the limit from the left must equal
the limit from the right for a limit
to exist.
Let's look at a more interesting function. Consider the limit
as x approaches 3 for:
f(x) = (x - 3) / (x2 - 9) = (x - 3) / [(x -
3)(x + 3)] = 1 / (x + 3); x g 3.
As you probably learned in your first limits lesson, generally
with a fraction such as this,
we factor, cancel and substitute -- but we have a value of x
that makes both numerator and
denomiator equal to zero here. When x = -3, only the
denominator is 0 here and so x = -3 is
a vertical asymptote of this function. But what about x = 3??
It makes both numerator and
denominator equal to 0 and so it creates a hole in the graph.
We know that the x-value
of hole is 3, but what is the y-value? It is found by taking
the limit of f(x) as x approaches 3.
When we factor, cancel and substitute 3 for x, we get 1/6,
thus the hole in this curve occurs
at the point (3, 1/6). By the way, should you be asked to
graph this function, you could graph
the function f(x) = 1 / (x + 3) for all values of x other than
3, and then insert a hole at the point
(3, 1/6). This hole is
known as a removable discontinuity or a removable jump since there
is only a single point missing. Thus, we could make this
function continuous at x = 3 by
stipulating that f(3) = 1/6. The discontinuity that occurs at
x = -3 however is an infinite discontinuity
otherwise known as a vertical asymptote. There is no way to
fill the gap created here.
When we investigate limits at infinity, we are looking at the
behavior of the y-values at the
extremes of x, in other words -- how does the graph behave
when x approaches | infinity |.
Generally, if we have a rational function (a fraction), to
find the limit as x approaches infinity,
we divide every term of the fraction by the highest power of x
in the fraction and then set x
equal to infinity. Of course, anything divided by infinity is
equal to zero, so any terms that
have any power of x in the denominator will equal 0 and have
no effect on the resulting limit.
For example: if f(x) = (3x2 - 5x + 4) / (16 -
5x2) , we divide everything by x2. As you can
probably see, the result, once we make x = infinity, is 3/-5.
Thus, should we graph this
function, it will have a horizontal asymptote at y = -3/5. The
y-value will approach
-3/5 as x gets extremely large (approaches infinity) or
extremely small (approaches negative
infinity), and since x can never equal plus or minus infinity,
y will never equal -3/5.
Once you begin studying derivatives, you will encounter a
special limit known as Newton's Quotient
which will enable you to evaluate the slope of the tangent at
any point along a given curve. I will
discuss this topic in my next article.
P.S. If you're wondering why we call fractions rational
numbers you need only look at the
first 5 letters of the word rational to comprehend the
logic.
Reflection on the Mona Lisa Web
Site
Getting our first page published on
the web was particularly
challenging, in light of the 15 year
old Tandy computers, we were using
in our Bronx High School
classroom at the time.
When I attended the
ThinkQuest meeting at City College in December 1996
I had little knowledge of web design.
My students were eager to take the
plunge into the ThinkQuest Internet
Challenge with their provocative
research prompted by the compelling
centuries old question - Why is the
Mona Lisa Smiling?
With their peer partners in Borlange
Sweden, John F. Kennedy Bronx High
School students, under my coaching,
put together an interactive,
engaging web site in three short
months! This web site includes not
only a unique theory about the Mona
Lisa smile and original da Vinci
music, but also an interactive
guestbook, quiz and site survey.
The interactive components of this
international Internet collaboration
are integral to its
growth and success.
Furthermore, our multilingual musical postcard options provide our visitors
with a vehicle to communicate with
their community of
Internet friends.
The intent of our project
was to provide content that is unavailable
anywhere else on the web: Listen to
Leonardo's original music, learn
about Leonardo's Bronze Horse, and
see the Mona Lisa Bridge. Read about
the Miho Museum in the dialogue
between John F. Kennedy High School
students with Japanese
peers.
As an outcome of an email we
received, from an Internet novice,
Leonardo's Portrait of an unknown
Musician has now been identified.
We were receptive to feedback and
entertained new theories about the
Mona Lisa model. As a result, a
scientific inquiry component was added
to compare the differing
perspectives.
Our popular Mona Lisa guestbook has
been signed each day for over 3
years.
Another important issue we address is
disability accessibility. Click on
the signing hands to view the Special
Needs Resources.
Lesson Plans and many curricula
resources were contributed by teachers
to help us build our Study Help
resources.
I can recommend the ThinkQuest
experience without reservation, to any
students or teachers who want to
learn the Internet in record time.
We were able to apply these new
Internet skills in the latest extension
to our project, ArtiFAQ 2100 which
was created in our new State of the
Art computer lab in only 45 days. In
response to the Microsoft
Challenge, my student probe past art
history motivations and
inspirations to predict art trends
2100. Take the new challenging quiz to
gain access to the future
art Gallery.
As we continue to evolve, my students
are using technology to begin
dissolving digital divides of
geography and language. There are several
pages of our site translated into
Spanish and Russian.
http://library.thinkquest.org/13681/data/spsci.htm
The Mona Lisa web site serves an
award winning model of Excellence and
can be found at the Getty Museum
Digital Experience, the Boston Science
Museum, the Vatican, Britannica, the
Encarta Lesson Plan Collection and
the Smithsonian
Institution.